Bruggeman

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Bruggeman

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The Bruggeman theory (also known as 'EMA' for effective medium approximation) gives the relation

     

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and is probably the most often used effective medium concept. For very low volume fractions it is equivalent to the Maxwell Garnett theory, but for increasing volume fraction its results are quite different. Below f=1/3 there is no percolation, above that threshold the embedded particles are assumed to be partially connected.